By Momina Shehzadi | BS Zoology Graduate, Pakistan In this article, we will learn Fungi - Morphology, Reproduction, Physiology and Importance - in simple words with diagram. This topic is very important for BS Zoology and Microbiology students. Fungi are found everywhere around us. They are present in soil, in water, in air, on dead plants, on dead animals, on our food, on our skin and even inside our body. When bread becomes old, green or black spots appear on it. These spots are fungi. When we see mushroom growing after rain, that is also a fungus. When yeast is used to make bread soft, that is also a fungus. Fungi are very different from bacteria and plants. They are eukaryotic organisms. It means their cells have a true nucleus and other membrane bound organelles. They do not have chlorophyll, so they cannot make their own food like plants. They get their food from other living or dead things. That is why they are called heterotrophic organisms. The study of fungi is called mycolog...
By Momina Shehzadi | BS Zoology Graduate, Pakistan
In this article, we will learn about Zoology and its branches in simple words. This topic is very important for BS Zoology, BSc Zoology, and FSc Pre-Medical students.
Zoology is a major and fascinating branch of biology that deals with the complete study of animals. For all biology and BS Zoology students, understanding zoology is very important to know about animal life, their structure, function, and their environment.
The word Zoology is derived from two Greek words - "Zoon" meaning animal and "Logos" meaning study or discourse.
Simple Definition
So, in simple words, Zoology is the scientific study of the animal kingdom. It includes the study of their anatomy, physiology, genetics, behavior, evolution, ecology, and classification. A scientist who studies zoology is called a Zoologist.
Aristotle, a famous Greek philosopher, is known as the Father of Zoology because he wrote many detailed books about animals in ancient times. Later, Carolus Linnaeus is known as Father of Taxonomy who gave the system of naming animals.
History of zoology in Short
The history of Zoology is very old. In ancient times, Aristotle observed animals and divided them into two groups - animals with blood and animals without blood. After that, many scientists contributed. Galen studied animal anatomy, and in 18th century, Linnaeus gave binomial nomenclature system. In modern times, Charles Darwin gave theory of evolution which is the backbone of zoology.
Main Branches of zoology -Detailed notes:
Zoology is a very wide field. It is divided into many sub-branches for better understanding:
1)Morphology
It is the study of the external structure, form, size, shape, and color of animals. It helps us identify animals.
2) Anatomy
It deals with the study of internal organs and systems of animals, like heart, brain, lungs, and kidneys. It is further divided into Gross Anatomy and Microscopic Anatomy.
3) Physiology
This branch studies the functions and vital processes of the animal body, like respiration, digestion, blood circulation, and excretion.
4) Ecology
It is the study of the relationship of animals with their physical environment and with each other. It explains food chains and ecosystems.
5) Genetics
This is the study of heredity, variations, and genes in animals. How characters transfer from parents to offspring. It is very important for breeding.
6) Evolution
Study of origin and history of animals and how they have changed over time due to natural selection.
7) Embryology
Study of development of animals from fertilized egg to adult.
8) Taxonomy
Study of naming, identification and classification of animals into groups like Phylum, Class, Order etc.
9) Specialized Branches
Entomology: Study of insects like bees, mosquitoes.
Ornithology: Study of birds.
Ichthyology: Study of fishes.
Herpetology: Study of reptiles and amphibians.
Mammalogy: Study of mammals like humans, lions.
Parasitology: Study of parasites.
Zoology is important for many reasons:
1. To Understand Biodiversity:
Zoology helps us to know about millions of animal species present on Earth and their importance in nature. It tells us how many species are discovered and how many are still unknown.
2.For Conservation:
It helps to conserve and protect endangered species like Snow Leopard, Markhor which is national animal of Pakistan, and Indus Dolphin which is found only in Indus River. Without zoology we cannot make wildlife protection plans.
3.For Human Welfare:
Many medicines, food sources like milk, meat, eggs, and clothing like wool, silk, leather come from animals. Zoology helps us to get better quality and quantity from animals.
4.For Agriculture:
Zoology helps farmers to control harmful pests that destroy crops and to increase the population of useful animals like honey bees for pollination and earthworms for soil fertility.
5.Career Opportunities:
It provides great career opportunities as a Zoologist, Wildlife Biologist, Teacher, Researcher, and jobs in Fisheries, Poultry, Livestock, and National Parks departments. Scope of Zoology in Pakistan is growing day by day.
6.To understand Diseases:
Zoology helps in understanding Zoonotic diseases that transfer from animals to humans like Rabies, Bird Flu, and Corona.
Conclusion
In conclusion, Zoology is not just about reading animals, it is about understanding the whole animal world and its deep connection with humans and environment. If you are a student of BS Zoology, this field has a very bright future in Pakistan and all over the world because every industry related to animals needs zoologists.
FAQs for Students
Q1: What is Zoology? Simple definition for students.
Ans: Zoology is the scientific study of animals. It comes from Greek words Zoon meaning animal and Logos meaning study. It includes study of animal structure, function, behavior, evolution, and classification. A person who studies zoology is called a Zoologist.
Q2: Who is the Father of Zoology?
Ans: Aristotle, the famous Greek philosopher (384-322 BC), is called the Father of Zoology. He observed and wrote detailed books about more than 500 animals and divided them into blood and no-blood animals. His work Historia Animalium is the oldest book on zoology.
Q3: What is the scope of BS Zoology in Pakistan?
Ans: BS Zoology has great scope in Pakistan. You can get jobs as Wildlife Officer, Fisheries Officer, Teacher, Lecturer, Researcher, Poultry Farm Manager, Livestock Officer, in National Parks, WWF Pakistan, and also you can apply for CSS, PMS, and FPSC exams. Many private poultry and fish farms also need zoologists.
Q 4 : What can we do after BS Zoology? Career options?
Ans: After BS Zoology you can do MSc Zoology, MPhil, PhD, or get jobs in teaching, research labs, wildlife conservation, fisheries, poultry, livestock, National Parks, WWF, or start your own business like fish farming, poultry farming, or honey bee farming which are very profitable in Pakistan.
Written by Momina Shehzadi from Pakistan.I made these notes for my exams .
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